[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.His nostril wingsare raised, while wrinkles appear on the sides and bridge of his nose.The raising of his cheeks and lowering of his brows creates crow's-feet wrinkles.These are all the marks of extreme disgust.Eve's pictures show more subtle versions of disgust, and alsoexamples of contempt.There are two very different facial expres-sions that signal disgust, nose wrinkling and raised upper lip, andoften they occur together.I've included picture A, showing the neu-tral expression, for comparison.A(NEUTRAL)First, let's look at the nose-wrinkling signal Photo B shows justthe slightest sign of nose wrinkling; photo C shows the same action abit stronger; photo D shows intense nose wrinkling.Notice thatwhen it gets as strong as that expressed, in D, the eyebrows are alsopulled down, leading some people to think anger is being shown.Butif you look closely, you'll see that the upper eyelids are not raised andthe brows are not drawn together.(For comparison, look at photo Ein chapter 6.) This is disgust, not anger.In these disgust pictures, thecheeks are raised, pushing up the lower eyelids, but it is the changesin the nose, mouth, and cheeks that are important, not the changes inthe eyes.The eyelid muscles are relaxed rather than tensed.BCDNow, we'll look at disgust signaled in a raised upper lip.Photo Eshows a slight upper lip raise, which is shown stronger in photo F.Picture G shows this same action, but just on one side of the face.When the expression is unbalanced as it is here, it can signal disgustor it may also be a sign of contempt.EFGCompare photo G with the picture of contempt, photo H, shownbelow.In picture H, the action is also on only one side of the face,but the action is completely different.The lip corner is tightenedand slightly raised.This is a clear contempt expression.Photo Ishows the same action as photo G, but the action is stronger, causingthe lips to part slightly on one side.I, like G, can signal disgust orcontempt.HIPicture J shows a blend or merging of two emotions into oneexpression.The nose is wrinkled, a sign of disgust, and the eyebrowsare not only lowered but also pulled together, and the upper eyelidsare raised—signs of anger.The raised upper eyelids are not veryapparent because the brows have been pulled so far down; compar-ing photo J with the neutral photo A—or even with photo C, whichinvolves changes only in the eyebrows, cheeks, and nose—shouldmake it clear that the upper eyelids have been raised and the lowereyelids have also been tensed, a signal of anger.JLips being pressed together, another sign of anger, might oftenaccompany the expression shown in photo J and is shown in a com-posite photograph, K, in which lip pressing has been added to theexpression shown in J.Another possible blend of emotions, con-tempt and enjoyment, is shown in picture L.The expression com-bines the tightened lip corner with a bit of a smile, producing asmug contemptuous look.KLUsing the information from ExpressionsBefore considering how you can use information that someone is feel-ing disgust or contempt, remember that it is possible that the personshowing the disgust might be not be feeling disgust with you; it mightbe targeted toward him- or herself or he or she might be remember-ing a past disgusting experience.Although it also is conceivable that aperson who shows contempt might be feeling that emotion about hisor her own actions or thoughts, I have not encountered it.Because anger is the emotion most often confused with disgust, andanger reactions can over time turn into disgust, I will highlight the dif-ference in how you might react if you picked up signs of disgust orcontempt as compared to anger.Suppose you have told your superviseethat he is not getting a promotion; he reacts by showing a definite dis-gust reaction such as the one shown in photo D, a clear-cut contemptresponse as shown in photo H, or one of the clear-cut anger expres-sions shown in chapter 6.Since you just delivered unwelcome newsyou are probably the target of his disgust, contempt, or anger, but youhave to consider the possibility that he is reacting to something else.If the supervisee shows disgust, it is probably toward you or thesituation—the business setting—and it indicates, more than angerwould, no interest in trying again to get that promotion.It is notjust that your decision was wrong; you did more than make a mis-take, you acted immorally in not giving him the promotion, and tohim the whole situation stinks.If he shows contempt, it suggeststhat in some way he thinks he is better than you.Perhaps he feelsthat he's superior to you: he knows more about the job, about thecompany, about the type of work he does; he dresses better, and soforth.Or his superiority could be related to something that hasnothing to do with the workplace
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]